Matters needing attention in the design of sports lighting and electrical control
1. The importance of stadium lighting
For a modern stadium, it is not only required to have a beautiful appearance and complete equipment for various sports, but also to have a good lighting environment, that is, to have suitable and uniform illumination and brightness, ideal light color, three-dimensional sense and no glare. Wait. In addition to ensuring a good viewing effect for the audience, it must also ensure the lighting requirements for referees, athletes and competition events, as well as a good TV broadcast effect.
Lighting relies on the function of light to ensure that the stadium lights act on the eyes of athletes, referees, and spectators, and produce vision, so that everything on the stadium can be seen, such as the light and shade of the venue environment, objects, buildings, utensils and clothing. The shape and size of the target, the depth, the three-dimensional effect, the state of the athlete and the atmosphere of the stadium, etc. Therefore, good lighting plays an important role in modern stadiums.
Generally, in the lighting design of a stadium, the following three factors should be considered:
1. Meet the visual requirements of athletes during sports competitions, and minimize the objective impact of lighting on the competition.
2. Meet the visual requirements of the audience and minimize the discomfort caused by the stadium lighting when watching the game.
3. Meet the lighting requirements of color TV broadcast and improve the broadcast quality as much as possible.
In short, lighting is closely related to the competition requirements of sports events, and is closely related to the viewing effect of the audience. A stadium without good lighting facilities is an incomplete stadium, which will seriously affect its use function.
2. Stadium lighting design standards
In order to obtain a good lighting design scheme and reasonably use the distribution of light to meet the requirements of athletes, audiences, referees and good TV broadcast effects, it is necessary to determine lighting standards, including illuminance standards and lighting quality standards. Lighting quality standards, including glare, light source color temperature with color rendering requirements, light directionality, energy saving requirements, etc.
Illumination standard
According to the 83rd recommended illuminance requirements of the International Sports Federation and the provisions in Article 2.2.9 of the "Lighting Design Standards for Civil Buildings" GBJ133-90, the following illuminance standards are put forward:
1. According to Article 2.2.9-1 of "Lighting Design Standards for Civil Buildings" GBJ133-90: the standard value of illuminance for football field games: when the viewing distance is 120m, it is 150~200~300lx; when the viewing distance is 160m , is 200~300~500lx; when the viewing distance is 200m, it is 300~500~750lx. The viewing distance refers to the distance from the last row of the auditorium to the sideline of the venue.
2. According to Article 2.2.9-2 of "Lighting Design Standards for Civil Buildings" GBJ133-90: the vertical illuminance required for TV broadcasting: the maximum shooting distance is divided into three groups,
①For football events, the average vertical illuminance should be 750lx when the shooting distance is 25m; the average vertical illuminance should be 1000lx when the maximum shooting distance is 75m; the average vertical illuminance when the maximum shooting distance is 150m is 1500lx;
②For track and field events, when the maximum shooting distance is 25m, the average vertical illuminance should be 500lx; when the maximum shooting distance is 75m, the average vertical illuminance should be 750lx; when the maximum shooting distance is 150m, the average vertical illuminance should be 1000lx. For a given motion level and a given maximum shooting distance relative to a 1.0m vertical plane, the median value of each illuminance value is used for other shooting distances.
3. The above illuminance refers to the final average illuminance of the stadium. The initial illuminance selected in the design must be included in the maintenance factor, and generally a value of 0.7 to 0.8 can be used.
4. Uniformity of horizontal illuminance: Illuminance uniformity is generally expressed by the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the maximum illuminance, and can also be expressed by the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance. The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the maximum illuminance should be greater than 0.5.
5. Uniformity of vertical illuminance: the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the maximum illuminance should be greater than 0.4 to meet the requirements of the main TV camera.
Lighting Quality Standards
1. Glare
In addition to providing sufficient horizontal and vertical illumination, the key to sports lighting also needs to reduce glare, so as to achieve a bright and glare-free effect. Glare is one of the most important factors affecting lighting quality. According to CIE No.83 publication "Sports lighting of color TV system", the maximum glare index GRmax in the field should be less than 50. The smaller the glare rating GR, the better the glare limit, when the glare rating is 50. The glare rating GR is calculated by the following formula:
GR=27+24Lg, Lvl/Lve 0.9
In formula 1, Lvl is the brightness of the light curtain generated by the lamp, and Lve is the brightness of the light curtain generated by the environment. Generally, when calculating the illuminance, the glare rated value GR in different directions should be calculated. When GR<50, it is feasible. In addition to reasonably determining the selection, installation height and arrangement of lamps and lanterns, the limitation of glare can also be achieved by improving the background illumination of the arena.
2. Light source color temperature and color rendering requirements
In order to achieve a good color TV broadcast effect, the lighting quality of the stadium is not only related to the illuminance, but also closely related to the color temperature and color rendering of the lighting source. my country's "Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" GBJ133-90 in Article 3.3.2 stipulates that the color rendering index Ra of general light sources for color TV broadcasting should not be less than 65. According to CIE
Publication NO.83 and the requirements of FIFA, the light source correlated color temperature Tc is greater than 5000K and the light source color rendering index Ra is greater than or equal to 80, in order to achieve the best on-site lighting effect and color TV broadcast effect.
3. The directionality of light
The depression angle of the lamps not only affects the vertical illuminance, but also may have a greater glare effect on athletes, spectators and referees. In the lighting design of the ground stadium, the aiming direction of the lamps should be selected. In addition, the ratio of the main camera and the light coming from the other side should be controlled within a certain range, and the most important point of lighting is to set in the center of the football field and the restricted area.
4. Energy saving requirements
Lighting energy saving focuses on adopting reasonable lighting schemes and efficient lighting devices, reducing line loss and good lighting control. Sports buildings are construction projects that consume a large amount of electricity for lighting. In the sense of energy saving, only the initial investment cost is compared, and the lighting design selected based on the minimum operating cost is not a reasonable design. Investment and operating costs are considered comprehensively.
High-efficiency light sources and lamps should be selected, accessories such as ballasts with lower energy consumption should be used, and compensation capacitors should be added to improve the power factor of the system. The lighting design should have a variety of lighting modes and corresponding control schemes. The number of lamps can be adjusted to provide suitable lighting for different competitions and activities. The control scheme should be simple, practical and flexible.
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